To what extent can these improvements be ascribed to Apple, as opposed to the particular silicon fab process node?
A huge number of them were Iranian.
But Anandtech had articles as far back as the A12 7 years ago where it was competing with the intel chips of the era
A secondhand link because anandtech is restructured now unfortunately https://appleinsider.com/articles/18/10/05/apples-a12-bionic...
…because he left to work on the chips.
Apple is a vertical integration company and the CPU/GPU in their devices was a clear sore spot of relying on external vendors they did not like.
You can see their lead continuing and growing with things like their new modem used in some iPhones