Did the list of suggested friends appear as soon as you first logged in or did it appear a time after you created the account?
I can see how this can happen without parsing addressbooks or whatever:
Someone searches for you the day you create it (perhaps someone you mentioned making a FB account to) and added you. Then you're included in to a circle of people, you get added to the "do you know" and perhaps someone else adds you as a friend, then you get suggested to other people, etc.. Maybe there are dangling tags (unresolved to a FB account) with your name in photos of the person who friended you, cross-match with the other people in the album, suggest most likely company and friendship groups from that, rinse & repeat establishing a probability for a list of people to be friends. This sounds like it would be pretty effective to me.
When you say "personal phone number" presumably you mean mobile phone? Did you install the FB app? It's not a phone number that your wife might list as an alternate is it (eg for recovering access if she loses her phone)?