Mollweide map projection and Newton's method
johndcook.com
johndcook.com
That doesn't look like the image. If you're looking at Earth from a distance, there will be foreshortening that squishes the meridians together. But the meridians look almost evenly spaced except for the far left and right edges of the ellipse.
You may need some special handeling for sin(2t)=1 still. You could pretend the funtion continues there (just join it together with asin(z - 1) + z - 1 + pi/2). Or maybe some other transformation.