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In geothermal, Heat is moved from where it is concentrated (underground) to where it is less concentrated (atmosphere).

There is no point I’m aware of in the process where something gets more hot than it started.

Ground source heat pumps absolutely do concentrate heat. See e.g. https://edwardsroyalcomfort.com/how-warm-does-geothermal-hea..., typical ground temps are around 60F and system output is above 100F.