It was basically the 3-tier architecture hijacked by some authors with hyper sales-pitch who messed it up beyond recognition. The 3-tier model has 3 simple layers - Data, Business, Front-end. The MVC inventors called data as "Model" - I could not get my head around this weird naming. What does "Model" mean in plain English? And why do you need those dotted lines between Front-end and Data layers bypassing the Business layer? MVC is a fake that lasted for decades.