They're in the "Complete Argument" section of the article.
> This sounds like the archetypical no true scotsman fallacy.
I get what you're trying to say, but he is not arguing only a true Scotsman is capable of thought. He is arguing that our current machines lack the required "causal powers" for thought. Powers that he doesn't prescribe to only a true Scotsman, though maybe we should try adding bagpipes to our AI just to be sure...
He argues that computer programs only manipulate symbols and thus have no semantic understanding.
But that's not true - many programs, like compilers that existed back when the argument was made, had semantic understanding of the code (in a limited way, but they did have some understanding about what the program did).
LLMs in contrast have a very rich semantic understanding of the text they parse - their tensor representations encode a lot about each token, or you can just ask them about anything - they might not be human level at reading subtext, but they're not horrible either.
When it makes a mistake, did it just have a too limited understanding or did it simply not get lucky with its prediction of the next word? Is there even a difference between the two?
I would like to agree with you that there's no special "causal power" that Turing machines can't emulate. But I remain skeptical, not out of chauvinism, but out of caution. Because I think it's dangerous to assume an AI understands a problem simply because it said the right words.