This means building new stations, connecting them to existing metro stations where possible, unifying the payment system, upgrading trains and so on. Since 2019 five lines like this that all run overground have been opened: https://ru.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%...
You can see how they connect to the larger metro network on the general metro map: https://www.mosmetro.ru/metro-map
There have been a few similar projects, like reporpusing an unused underground rail cargo tunnel network as another metro line (the turquoise ring around the centre in the map).
In much smaller cities like London or Paris you could probably also find some more lines like this and integrate them, but it needs the political will of course.