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Hasn't that been exploited several times?

Exploited in the wild, difficult to say, but there has been numerous vulnerabilities reported on underlying technologies used for confidential computing (Intel SGX, AMD SEV, Intel TDX, for example) and quite a good amount of external research and publications on the topic.

The threat model for these technologies can also sometimes be sketchy (lack of side channel protection for Intel SGX, lack of integrity verification for AMD SEV, for example)

I don't believe so? I have no doubt that there have been vulnerabilities, but the technology is quite new and barely used in practice, so I would be surprised if there have been significant exploits already - let alone ones applicable in the wild rather than a lab.

The technology is only new because the many previous attempts were so obviously failures that they never went anywhere. The history of "confidential computing" is littered with half baked attempts going back to the early 2000s in terms of hypervisors, with older attempts in the mainframe days completely forgotten.

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