Newton's First Law (Law of Inertia) – assumes objects remain at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force; inaccurate in non-inertial (accelerating) frames without fictitious forces.
Newton's Second Law – assumes constant mass and low velocities; inaccurate at relativistic speeds where mass increases with velocity.
Newton's Third Law – inaccurate in electromagnetic, quantum, or relativistic contexts.
Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation – assumes instantaneous action at a distance and weak fields; replaced by General Relativity in strong fields or at high velocities.
Boyle's Law – inaccurate at high pressures, low temperatures, or with real gases, which deviate from ideal behavior.
Charles's Law – assumes ideal gas behavior; deviations occur at high pressures or low temperatures.
Ohm's Law – assumes constant resistance; inaccurate for non-ohmic materials like diodes or at high voltages where resistance varies.
2nd Law of Thermodynamics – inaccurate with fluctuations at microscopic scales, temporarily decreasing entropy.
Kepler's Laws – inaccurate when considering relativistic effects.
Laws of Motion of Fluids (e.g., Bernoulli's Law) – assumes incompressible, non-viscous flow; inaccurate for real fluids with viscosity or compressibility effects.
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures – assumes gases do not interact; inaccurate at high pressures or with strong intermolecular forces.
Fick's Laws of Diffusion - inaccurate in complex systems with reactions or non-constant diffusion coefficients.
Laws of Electromagnetic Induction (Faraday's Law) – assumes ideal conditions; real systems have hysteresis and other non-ideal effects.
Laws of Radioactive Decay – exponential decay is inaccurate as does not fully regard environment or decay chain complexities.