Surgeons walk away with their pay whether a high-risk patient lives or dies, aside from provable malpractice. Why? Because they made a good faith effort to do their jobs despite an uncertain outcome.
Surgeons are paid highly because it is 1) a highly-skilled profession, requiring many years of schooling and practice to gain the medical knowledge necessary; 2) a stressful profession (related to risk, but not the same thing); and 3) highly in demand—due to both 1 and 2, not a lot of people choose to become surgeons, and AIUI, there's a fair amount of specialization within the surgical field, so you can't just swap in a heart surgeon to cut into someone's knee, for instance.
Ridiculously high CEO pay is frequently justified by the supposed "risk" they take on, but experience doesn't back that up. Observation indicates that the primary factor that leads to high CEO pay is the incestuous relationships between company boards and the CEOs they pick—far too often, the CEO of company A will be on the boards of companies B and C, and vice versa, and they will just each support higher compensation for the others because they're all buddies.
There's something about the human mind that makes it feel worse for a rich person to lose insignificant-to-them millions than for a poor person to lose a thousand bucks.
I personally have significantly more of a problem with Congress having no term limits and being able to trade on the very market they're regulating.
And what conviction length do those tiny few who get convicted of aomething actually get?
Not sure if this is rhetorical, but there are Wiki entries, investigative articles, documentaries, and even entire books dedicated to corporate malpractice and its consequences over the past century.
Take the VW Diesel scandal, several engineers went to jail over this. In contrast Winterkorn has been charged, but AFAIK the case has been suspended and I'm not sure if it will ever go forward.
I think you misunderstand the risk that non-CEO employees are exposed as cycomanic pointed out. CEOs that make this much money are more capable of defending themselves than a regular employee, not only from their wealth but from their network. It's rare that a CEO has to testify to Congress, or deal with FTC/FCC, etc. And dealing with BOD, hostile takeovers, or activist investors pales in comparison to what many people deal with day to day. A CEO is not going to go homeless from a hostile takeover.