Huge thanks for giving details we can investigate; i've taken a look:
* That event is in the matrix.org DB...
* ...but it failed authentication checks and got rejected from being added to matrix.org's copy of the room, presumably because matrix.org didn't think the sender was in the room at the point that the message was sent
* This was almost certainly because the state groups that tracked that the sender was in the room had been deleted due to the where clause on DELETEs matching unrelated rows thanks to the corrupted index
So the sending server probably thought it had successfully sent the message, but matrix.org quarantined it due to the db corruption. Therefore we need to manually flush the rejected messages to get them re-authorised in the impacted rooms; we hadn't spotted the problem so forgot to do so. I've nudged the folks who run the server to take a look on Monday.
Sorry you got hit by this, and thanks again for the actionable report.