Google Cloud's outage wasn't a testing failure but a design flaw

Is it more expensive? The answer depends on the criticality of the component.

In this case in particular, having a 'not null' directive on the table at hand would have suffice. And that is something everyone can do.

btw, I do reference an article that is rich in experiences of formal verification: https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3624728

> If it was so easy as just don't do nulls, everyone would be doing it by now

You are assuming tech is business governed by rational decision makers.

And yes, it is that easy.