This paper builds on a series of pathways towards harm. Those are plausible in principle, but we still have frustratingly little evidence of the magnitude of such harms in the field.

To solve the question of whether or not these harms can/will actually materialize, we would need causal attribution, something that is really hard to do — in particular with all involved actors actively monitoring society and reacting to new research.

Personally, I think that transparency measures and tools that help civic society (and researchers) better understand what's going on are the most promising tool here.