Reasoning is one information-processing process, performed by humans, with bounds on what it can accomplish. It works in a limited context and is inherently incomplete and imperfect. Other non-logical processes, emergent processes, parallel processes such as evolution, process information in ways reasoning cannot. It perhaps should not be surprising that we may have internal systems of understanding that follow these principles, instead of only those of logic or reasoning.

Reasoning from first principles cannot span very far in reality, as for starters the complexity of the argument quickly overwhelms our capacity for it. Its numerous other limits have been well-documented.

Logicomix, Gödel Escher Bach are some common entry points.