For people interested by this subject you can look at the free online MIT course "6.002x: Circuits and Electronics". See https://www.edx.org/courses/MITx/6.002x/2012_Fall/about
It is a good course covering all the "Middle Age" part from the answer linked on stackexchange.com
An interesting course and text is From NAND to Tetris [1], which builds up from the raw silicon up to the application layer.