"Bell Laboratories has been the recipient of 11 Nobel Prizes in Physics, with notable laureates including John Bardeen, William Shockley, Walter Brattain, and Arthur Ashkin. Other notable achievements include the invention of the transistor, the discovery of the cosmic microwave background, and the development of optical tweezers."

Microsoft Research has a ton of people working on theoretical CS.

Biology - there is a ton of research in agriculture too - e.g. Monsanto and GMO seeds.