We are capable of rapidly changing chemical composition of atmosphere, which may be noticeable even at our technological level.
There were geological events and asteroid impacts that may result in more dramatic changes, but their signatures will be different.
The geological evidence is that that oxygen build-up first had to exhaust things that took the reactive oxygen out of the air and water. Iron oxide was laid down as huge deposits of "banded iron ore" The great rust. (1)
This is hard to get an exact number on, but as far as I know, it is estimated to have taken at least 500 million years.
And then oxygen increased again, a billion years later (2)
It was not fast. It was measured in 100 million year ticks.
1) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Oxidation_Event#Banded_i...
2) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoproterozoic_oxygenation_eve...