Atom does have an RFC for supporting pagination so it is possible (client support provided) to have both a short feed as well as full content history: https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc5005#section-3
For Wordpress sites, `?paged=X` can be used to paginate through RSS feeds, although that's more of a Wordpress standard than an RSS/Atom standard: https://codex.wordpress.org/Pagination
My personal gripe is that clients checking for query params would seem to rule out pagination of static feeds (so you'd end up shipping a single huge response to the client) but now that I look closer, I guess you could achieve it via Atom, you'd just end up having to reshuffle every feed whenever pages get updated.
I went through some of this recently when standing up some home software to generate RSS feeds for sites that don't have them :)