Nonsense: Forms thereof, falsifiability, pseudoscience, and bullshit (2014)

I'd begun worrying about the resilience of truth and countermeasures to bullshit particularly online well over a decade ago.

This is an early compilation of heuristics and resources which came up in discussion elsewhere recently, and may be helpful to others.

Among conspicuous omissions, Aristotle's "Sophistical Refutations" (Sophistikoi Elenchoi in the original Greek), one of the earliest recorded (or surviving) guides to countering bullshit:

<https://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/sophist_refut.1.1.html>

<https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophistical_Refutations>