I'm not aware of any other language that does this. It's common for other languages to use underscores to indicate that something should be private, but I can't think of another example that uses either capitalization for access control or that embeds syntactic meaning in variable names. To me that makes Go unusual, and for a language that cares greatly about being accessible, unusual choices like this seem silly - not bad or foolish, necessarily - just silly.
I think most people have to be told about the capitalization rule (by the compiler, docs, etc.) because the rule itself isn't that obvious to someone coming from another language, that was my experience at least, and in that sense it feels a bit like a secret handshake to me.