A more widespread one is also more familiar to most HN readers: governments need a ton of IT, like everyone else, but are prohibited from offering competitive salaries or hiring staff instead of engaging a few large contracting companies. That has the direct impact of doubling costs and increasing turnover, but even worse is the higher likelihood of failure caused by not having institutional knowledge and expertise: contracting only works when you can provide clear instructions and hold the vendor accountable, but that requires you to have staff capable of doing so. Some agencies have been able to recruit skilled people based on their mission, but those are many of the teams being gutted now and it’ll take many years of better governance to convince people to come back after seeing how their public-spirited predecessors were treated.