I am not too familiar with the pedagogical history of linear algebra, but I've been reading some advanced undergraduate geometry texts from the 30s-60s and linear algebra was generally not an assumed prerequisite. There was a particular separation between the studies of "two and three dimensional vector spaces over R" (largely geometric) versus "finite dimensional vector spaces over a field" (entirely algebraic), and determinants were presented directly as volume computations. These days undergraduates mostly treat R^2 and R^3 algebraically, maybe at the expense of geometric understanding. (E.g. Euler's rotation theorem is easily proved when restated as a theorem about matrices over R^3 with determinant +1, but Euler's original statement and proof using spherical trigonometry is deeper.)
And given that most of basic QM was formalized by 1930 and relies upon eigenvectors, hard to see any physics course taught since that time not having it.
I was introduced to eigenvectors in a math course on linear algebra. They seemed esoteric but I could prove theorems and stuff… cool but kind of forgettable.
Then I took quantum mechanics. That’s where I learned eigensystems. That’s where their utility and beauty were beaten into me, problem set by problem set. In quantum mechanics, eigensystems are ubiquitous: from using ladder operators to solve the harmonic oscillator in an elegant way, to what quantum numbers actually are, to the reason behind the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, and to the so many different ways to use perturbation theory to explain atomic and molecular spectra.
You can do the basics of quantum mechanics without explicit linear algebra, and many intro physical chemistry texts aren’t able to assume the math as a pre-requisite and have to do that. But it’s tedious and awkward, like trying to learn physics without calculus.
I had never heard of them until I was _years_ into software engineering. I think this is more common than you may think. I had never dealt with linear algebra in a formal setting, despite leveraging a lot of the concepts, until then.