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The unrefactorable ball of mud problem is real, which is why both Stripe and Shopify have highly statically typed code bases (via Sorbet).

Btw Stripe uses Ruby, but not Rails.

I'd say sorbet largely adds to the mud, but to each their own.

Some Stripe services are Rails.

Having types helps, but it's not a necessity. When I was at Chime we faired very well with just rails and no types.