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Doesn't every language with break-to-label (i.e. break out of multiple nested loops) effectively have goto, from an implementation standpoint?

Yes but that is not what makes irreducible control flow graphs, I think. You'll still have structured control flow

On that note, there's an ongoing discussion on allowing early exits currently not allowed in the MLIR's SCF (structured control flow) dialect, https://discourse.llvm.org/t/rfc-region-based-control-flow-w..., https://github.com/google/heir/issues/922