<< The company's ridiculous HR policies around salaries and promotions
I literally just had a conversation with my boss. You are near top of your band so can't do much in terms of raises. To his credit, he at least offered a path to the next level, but honestly.. that promotion should have happened after last year's crazy project.
<< if you want a promotion or raise you typically have to leave the company
And this is mostly what they got, because people respond to incentives. I know my last move was upwards for 30% raise ( yes, I was clearly fairly underpaid ).
<< However, that does not change the reality that most Juniors will not stick around long enough to become seniors.
My first real job kept me for 10 years. It could happen. Still, the tension between management and rank-and-file is real though.