Why couldn't MAC addresses be used instead of IPv4|6 for networking?
serverfault.com
serverfault.com
From a security perspective - IPv6 SLAAC (sort of like DHCP) does this - it uses the MAC as the last 48 bits of the 128 bit address. However, this is largely seen as a security problem things like RFC 4941 [1] have argued against this idea. If you think having your iPhone keep a track of which cell phone towers you've been to is bad, think about the consequences of being globally reachable by the same IP address at all times, which means you can be tracked to where that devices is and has been based on the routing rules.
As well, ethernet is not IP. They are different layers of the OSI model. Just because you're on ethernet (wired/wireless) doesn't mean you're using IP, and vice versa. Some devices don't have MAC addresses. Frame relay uses DLCI's for instance. Historically there were lots of other technologies using IP that weren't ethernet - FDDI, token ring, ATM, etc. Ethernet has replaced nearly all of those, but not all.
Routing scalability - another huge problem. But this will rear it's head in IPv6 with the exponentially large amount of possible routes. Right now the routing tables are around 350k-400k routes. Compare that to the billions of devices that connect to the internet simultaneously.
MAC addresses are locally assigned addresses. There would be no way to prevent duplicates. In most networks, your IP address will specify the way you are routed through the network and your security level. If that isn't centrally managed you have no security or IP addressing schemes.
It is entirely possible that large organizations will be able to advertise fewer prefixes, as they have large, contiguous allocations, and thus can more efficiently aggregate at the border.
(Sorry, this is a bit late, but your comment got me to thinking...)
Another problem is that numerous devices will share the same MAC address, it's just statistically unlikely to find them on the same network. It's an especially big problem with cheap/knockoff network equipment. See: http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-networking-3/m...
Both IPs and MACs can be changed by the administrators and both can be set such that duplicates exist in the network. However the fact that MACs are set by manufacturer makes them impossible to route as the values are not related to the network locations but related to hardware origin.
Edit: As one of the replies stated, they are also used in Stateless autoconfig in IPV6 (see: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6_address#Modified_EUI-64)
So you encrypt stuff you don't want anyone else to read. Security isn't the concern of the networking layers; it's all done, to the extent it is done, at the application layer.
That's the original design, anyway.
Edited to add: Well, the original original designs were by people who weren't thinking of security at all. That's why telnet and FTP are the way they are.
> Another problem is that numerous devices will share the same MAC address, it's just statistically unlikely to find them on the same network.
This, on the other hand, really is a perversion of the intended model. 48 bits was intended to be globally unique.
Sometimes true but often not. Encryption can and does happen at various layers of the (OSI) networking stack (Secure Session Layer, Transport Layer Security, Internet Protocol Security).
>That's why telnet and FTP are the way they are.
Those programs are the way they are due to a holdover from the Unix philosophy: do one thing and do it well. Sure, functioning at all was more important than functioning securely. If you ran your connections over a VPN, SSL or IPSec line, the fact that telnet didn't also support encryption would be moot.
The Application layer is for the applications data. If you want to secure the transmission of that data, it shouldn't be up to each and every individual application to support encryption.
This is why things like IPv6 or SPDY/HTTP2 have baked-in encryption below the application layer.
And it well could be, but guaranteeing uniqueness is rarely as easy of a problem as you might wish.
The simple answer is this:
An IP address identifies a host, whilst a MAC address identifies an interface.
That is all.
Absolutely everything else, such as route aggregation, routing policy, and the behavioural differences between layers, stems from this primary distinction between logical and physical.
(Note: it remains a common - indeed, conventional - configuration & design error to bind an IP address to an interface. There is no such requirement and this complicates many networks. I was irritated to learn that IPv6 makes use of the MAC address in self-autoconfiguration)
(ObAuthority: I used to make ISP management systems for a living)
... while a MAC can host multiple IP addresses (see vmware bridged network for guest OS), and the same interface can have multiple MAC addresses. And a devince can have multiple real/virtual interfaces.
My laptop has the same MAC whether it is connected at home, at work, or in the airport. How would ISPs and the internet backbone routers know where to send the packets to reach me?
You may now proceed to posting solutions to FizzBuzz in Jeff Atwood's blog.
Perhaps you should spend your time revising your HN bio instead.
At Internet scale, LISP (http://www.lisp4.net/) takes on the problem of a 'static' host address being reachable at any location.
Both of these rely upon the idea of encapsulation (mac-in-mac or ip-in-ip) to separate the location and host identity.
The host portion of your address was your MAC. Networks were identified by their local netware servers.
IPX was everywhere NetWare was.
NetWare got into everything, like dust, in the 80s and part of the 90s.
IP has a way of worming itself into every little thing. IPX never really escaped from the desktop network environment.
Routing.
Let's say you have an IP of 202.20.10.5 and you live in New York.
Your ISP allocated 202.20.10.x to New York
Your ISP owns 202.20.0.0, and advertises this over BGP
When someone tries to reach you, they first lookup: 202.20.0.0/16, the closest match.
Then then know to send the packet to your ISP, who sends it to 202.20.10.0/24 (New York), who then routes it to you.
How about if we use mac addresses? So let's say your mac address is: EW:34:AO:QW:RE:80
How would someone be able to find you? If they needed to do that, then:
1) Your ISP will need to advertise EW:34:AO:QW:RE:80
2) They send the IP packet to your ISP, who routes it to you.
If the ISP has 1 million customers, then it'll have to advertise 1 million MAC addresses in its lookup table...
Instead of just 202.20.0.0/16 (one entry)
It's not scalable to use MAC addresses for Internet use.
On the other hand, if you're talking about a local LAN, then yes, MAC addresses are used, and is actually already being used, for networking.
Using the SSN itself, of course, has vast privacy & security complications.
Why doesn't this work for IP? Because on that scale, the route table is too large to advertise and too large to keep in the working memory of current router linecard ASICs for sub-microsecond lookup, speeds a postal service does not aspire to.
Despite not owning the network for which they are being allocated, IPv4 is a "paying job" to some people. And sometimes an ego boost too, i.e., people who get their kicks from creating "IP address policy". Needless to say this easy "work." Hello ARIN.
It's a lot like ICANN.
On CircleID someone recently pointed out that IPv6 will make this sort of "job" meaningless. There is so much IPv6 address space that playing favorites and charging hefty fees is unjustifiable.
Back to your point about MAC's: This is also why the "we're out of IP addresses" meme seems silly. Because we don't see the IEEE complaining they are "running out of MAC's". And IPv6 addresses use MAC's.
The thing to keep in mind is that just because something, e.g. a better addressing scheme, or true network-level peer-to-peer networking, is not "widely adopted" does not mean it isn't available, _right now_. It may have been available for years. There were people at universities still teaching the use of punch cards even after a well-known computer professional in Canada was already programming using a terminal display. And there were other Canadians sending emails before DARPA.
Do not assume that the crowd is always wise. And be wary of the "hype".
80/20 rules - another great internet meme - mean than we can have 80% of the people being stupid. And the 20% have to suffer.
When the "new" naming, "new" addressing and "new" peer-to-peer solutions are offered up the next time, keep an open mind. Try not to be so quick to dismiss any sort of change to the "status quo". Evaluate the approach carefully. It might have merit, and maybe it's not immediately obvious.
Many times (in fact almost all the time), the solutions are not new. We're just waiting for people to finally catch on and realize there is "a better way". We're waiting for people to "try something 'new'".
> On CircleID someone recently pointed out that IPv6 will make this sort of "job" meaningless.
Er... not sure how that follows. If routing tables aren't going to grow without bound, there's no less need for central allocation authorities than there is with IPv4. The important job isn't rationing, it's keeping allocation as contiguous as possible so the network hardware can keep up.
> Back to your point about MAC's: This is also why the "we're out of IP addresses" meme seems silly. Because we don't see the IEEE complaining they are "running out of MAC's". And IPv6 addresses use MAC's.
Not quite sure what you're getting at here. When people say "we're out of IP addresses", they're talking about IPv4 addresses. That's not silly at all - it's real, it's happening now, and IPv6 still hasn't quite got the penetration to get us out of the hole yet.
The rest of your post would be more useful with some specifics.
I translate this as: "I don't know how to make a solution. Please tell me how." Which is often followed by "It won't work."
As for VM's, it's true what you say. But at some point if you are connecting to a global network (internet), there is a physical machine that has to connect. And that machine needs an address which cannot be "faked up". Indeed, you some sort of authority to make sure people are not using the same addresses.
Nodes need a way to find each other. Routing tables are simple enough and they work. I will leave that alone.
But people have come up with all sorts of complicated schemes to try to allow nodes to find each other in a decentralized way, namely DHT type stuff and progeny of DHT type thinking.
But who says you have to mess with (replace) the existing infrastructure? Maybe you can just build on top of it. Maybe the exiting infrastructure is a bootstrap. The buzzword is overlay. Old hat, right? Well, almost nothing is truly new. And still, the overlay approaches people know about are often mindlessly complicated. We can do better. Some have done better.
NAT doesn't try to replace the existing framework. It just deals with it.
It isn't pretty, but this is how we are all connecting, in spite of all the IPv4 policy nonsense. NAT solved a problem. (And created a new one, arguably.) Whatever. It works.
There are easy ways for nodes, with crusty old IPv4 addresses, to get through their crusty old NATs and get open UDP ports to communicate with each other. They are not new. And they work. Gamers have been using stuff like this for decades. But there's a lot more utility to being directly connected than just playing games. Enter Skype.
Once that's done, once we're connected directly, we can forget about overblown global routing tables, brittle BGP, DHT and IPv6 dreaming. We can use plain ole Ethernet, we can keep our own small arp and IP routing tables, we can use private address space (or whatever numbers we want - it's our private network) and MAC's. We can run our own DNS. We can keep things simple and secure. Because we can have small private networks. We can manage them ourselves.
The global network was means to an end: finding each other and conecting directly. It was a bootstrap. If it runs on crusty ole IPv4 and depends on NAT and swollen routing tables, so be it. That's not my network. It is just a means to an end.
Personally I never understood the lure of connecting to a "swarm" via some DHT. And this is the thinking that has pervaded peer-to-peer. The concept of connecting to strangers, something like Chatroulette, is not really interesting from my perspective. But a lot of technically capable people think that sort of thing is worth their time.
I want to connect to my friends and family, not random strangers. I want to use the internet for all the things it's been cracked up to be for so long: a replacement for postal mail, telephone, video conferencing, etc. And I do not think I am alone in this view.
It's not a new idea what I'm getting at: breaking things into smaller pieces to manage them. What is the internet after all but a conglomeration of ASN's -- smaller networks.
"BOOTP for the global internet." A way to find each other. And then a way to connect. Opensupernodes. The rest, what you do after connecting, is up to you. That's _your_ network, not Facebook's, Google's, Microsoft/Skype's or anyone else's.
Cooperation, interoperability, (at least ostensible) simplicity. People's comfort with working and playing in small groups. These are the important points in my mind.
That would be a mistranslation. Try "I can't tell what you're referring to, or if you know what you're talking about." We already have a solution to running out of IP space - it's called IPv6.
> As for VM's, it's true what you say. But at some point if you are connecting to a global network (internet), there is a physical machine that has to connect. And that machine needs an address which cannot be "faked up". Indeed, you some sort of authority to make sure people are not using the same addresses.
The IP addresses for the VMs can't be "faked up" either. They need to be publicly visible.
> But people have come up with all sorts of complicated schemes to try to allow nodes to find each other in a decentralized way, namely DHT type stuff and progeny of DHT type thinking.
DHT is irrelevant.
> But who says you have to mess with (replace) the existing infrastructure? Maybe you can just build on top of it. Maybe the exiting infrastructure is a bootstrap. The buzzword is overlay. Old hat, right? Well, almost nothing is truly new. And still, the overlay approaches people know about are often mindlessly complicated. We can do better. Some have done better.
Ok, this is where some specifics would be useful. What "better" approaches have you got in mind?
> NAT doesn't try to replace the existing framework. It just deals with it.
> It isn't pretty, but this is how we are all connecting, in spite of all the IPv4 policy nonsense. NAT solved a problem. (And created a new one, arguably.) Whatever. It works.
Except when it doesn't. That's the point. NAT is just broken for a lot of use cases.
> Once that's done, once we're connected directly, we can forget about overblown global routing tables, brittle BGP, DHT and IPv6 dreaming. We can use plain ole Ethernet, we can keep our own small arp and IP routing tables, we can use private address space (or whatever numbers we want - it's our private network) and MAC's. We can run our own DNS. We can keep things simple and secure. Because we can have small private networks. We can manage them ourselves.
s/can/have to/g. Sure, you can "solve" the problem by balkanising everything. Most people would regard that as a huge step backwards, to be avoided at all costs.
> The global network was means to an end: finding each other and conecting directly. It was a bootstrap. If it runs on crusty ole IPv4 and depends on NAT and swollen routing tables, so be it. That's not my network. It is just a means to an end.
So you'd foist complexity on the rest of the world because your use cases don't match everyone else's? Nice. You say you want simplicity? Ethernet-over-UDP between asymmetrically NATted private networks, relying on some unspecified entity resolution protocol and UDP hole-punching, is precisely the opposite. It comes with the added bonus that you've made establishing a connection in the first place ludicrously expensive. You're arguing against a bigger, global network which supports all the use cases you're talking about and fixes the problems we're running into with IPv4, in favour of a hideously inefficient scheme which breaks things people want to do today.
> I want to connect to my friends and family, not random strangers.
And yet here you are, communicating with a random stranger on a random website, which is only possible right now because of a flat global public IP space.
But each vNIC does have a subnet-unique MAC address, right? Why not use it?
And you can still multihome a single IPv6 address across more than one physical interface, so again, that's not somewhere you'd want to put a MAC into an IP address.
As long as you break the tie deterministically, I don't see the harm in picking one of the interface MACs.
Why use it at all? If it's not related to a real, physical item (and maybe you don't make any guarantees about MAC uniqueness across VM clusters), it's pointless bureaucracy.
> As long as you break the tie deterministically, I don't see the harm in picking one of the interface MACs.
Again, why would you bother to do this? If you've picked one of the NICs as "blessed", you're one hardware replacement (or network reconfiguration) from neither being blessed - so why not just assign in sequence from whatever netblock you're dealing with to start off with, and ignore the hardware?
This book explains how conventions in data networking were established, how words became used as the terms for particular obvious but slightly ambiguous concepts, e.g. 'names' vs 'addresses', bridging vs routing. It also puts IP in to context viz. other LAN protocols before it became dominant. Recommended.