git rev-list --reverse --date-order HEAD | head -1 # or
git rev-list --reverse --author-date-order HEAD | head -1
To see the files in that commit: git ls-tree -lr <commit-id>
To see a particular file: git show <commit-id>:/path/to/file # or
git cat-file -p <commit-id>:/path/to/file
[1] Caveat: I suppose this doesn't account for files which no longer exist or that have been completely re-written.https://git-scm.com/docs/git-rev-list
https://git-scm.com/docs/git-ls-tree
https://git-scm.com/docs/git-show