Paxos isn’t open source just because you can read the paxos paper.
But I was merely adding the missing context using the (sorry) lingua Franca of AI.
Things like tweaking all the hyperparameters to make the training process actually work may be more tricky though.
It's more akin to scientific research where everyone is using the same molecules, but depending on the process you put the molecules through, you get a different outcome.
How is that different than the 0s and 1s of a program?
Assembly instructions are literally standard. What’s more, if said program uses something like Java, the byte code is even _more_ understandable. So much so that there is an ecosystem of Java decompilers.
Binary files are not the “source” in question when talking about “open source”
Google Spanner has a nice white paper but you wouldn't consider it open source, for example.