It’s the same as in C, Rust, or any other programming language I’ve ever used. If you don’t use a library, it doesn’t end up linked in your executable. Don’t want to animate GIFs on your microcontroller, then you don’t write `import “image/gif”` in your source file.
For a microcontroller sized runtime, there’s https://tinygo.org/
I think the lack of strong standard library actually leads to more bloat in your program in the long run. Bloat is needing to deal with an ecosystem that has 4 competing packages for time, ending up with all 4 installed because other libraries you need didn’t agree, and then you need ancillary compatibility packages for converting between the different time packages.