POSIX file locking is clearly modeled around whatever was simplest to implement, although it makes no sense at all.
The reason is historical and reflects a flaw in the POSIX standards process, in my opinion, one that hopefully won't be repeated in the future. I finally tracked down why this insane behavior was standardized by the POSIX committee by talking to long-time BSD hacker and POSIX standards committee member Kirk McKusick (he of the BSD daemon artwork). As he recalls, AT&T brought the current behavior to the standards committee as a proposal for byte-range locking, as this was how their current code implementation worked. The committee asked other ISVs if this was how locking should be done. The ISVs who cared about byte range locking were the large database vendors such as Oracle, Sybase and Informix (at the time). All of these companies did their own byte range locking within their own applications, none of them depended on or needed the underlying operating system to provide locking services for them. So their unanimous answer was "we don't care". In the absence of any strong negative feedback on a proposal, the committee added it "as-is", and took as the desired behavior the specifics of the first implementation, the brain-dead one from AT&T.
[0] https://www.samba.org/samba/news/articles/low_point/tale_two...
I resisted using them in my SQLite VFS, until I partially relented for WAL locks.
I wish more platforms embraced OFD locks. macOS has them, but hidden. illumos fakes them with BSD locks (which is worse, actually). The BSDs don't add them. So it's just Linux, and Windows with sane locking. In some ways Windows is actually better (supports timeouts).