Ask HN: What "fundamental" research efforts are you excited about?

By "fundamental", I mean research meant to overturn or alter a field from the ground up—sort of the opposite of "incremental" in this context, I think.

For myself, as a machine learning researcher, I recently learned about Neural Turing Machines and Differentiable Neural Computers, and feel it's a shame they seem to have died off in popularity the past few years. The idea of using a neural network to approximate the behavior of a CPU in a von Neumman computer is one I find very compelling.

I'm always interested in reading papers from interesting fields where the thesis of the paper is, roughly, "we might have been doing a basic aspect of the discipline wrong all along, here's a well-reasoned argument why." Or, alternatively "here's a creative, innovative approach to an old problem and why we think it warrants further research."

I'm interested in hearing about other fields besides my own!