If you are in the org where your IT cannot do this, and the same IT took away your "sudo" access, then there is nothing you can do. Even if there were a hacky way, it would be against policies, so do it by the book and wait for IT to fix it for you. If you are on important and urgent project, escalate via official channels. If you are not on important project, relax and don't forget to write "I could not do anything because I am blocked on IT" in all of your status reports.
If the previous paragraph makes your blood boil or makes you want to cry, consider working for a different company which either gives autonomy to developers or has better IT.
It may surprise you to learn that a lot of orgs have critically understaffed or unknowledgeable IT teams. Yea, I could "solve" world hunger by simply feeding everyone, but how do I actually do that?
I am the crititcally understaffed "IT" that has to fix it for you. And now it's urgent because local development has basically halted on tons of devices for a variety of weird and undocumented reasons. I am trying to communicate to you that rolling out a "fix" for this type of thing to a distributed fleet is not trivial at all. For a typical IT sysadmin this is one of the most annoying possible things, at the worst possible time too (post holiday), and that's not even my official role! I just have to play it a lot. Also, I think you're severely underestimating how complicated it is managing a remote fleet of devices under current compliance and security standards across the industry. You're talking from the perspective of a dev that gets mad they can't have unlimited access to the prod db with a single ticket, I think, but the reality is these things are not easy to roll out on the fly under specific circumstances. Good for you that you found a company that fits your needs/whims and isnt bound by these same kinds of restrictions. I'm also not making any commentary on whether any of this is sane at all, just that I am the guy at the short end of the stick that has to deal with it and I'm (justifiably) pissed off about it.
Macs have built-in device management tools, and there are third-party solutions like JAMF that can definitely run scripts like what's needed to fix Docker, as root, including reboots if necessary.
It really sounds like the primary problem you're experiencing is not what Macs allow, nor even the shoddiness of the Docker solution (which I will not attempt to defend, I agree they should have something more robust), but your company's policies that put you in a position of responsibility but no power.
I'm sorry, but there's just no sane system design that can make up for such abjectly counterproductive policies, no matter how common they may be.
In addition to a cron job, we had an active pubsub listener on each machine to poke this process.
You can do this on macOS too, or at least, modern macOS "should" be able to do this.
We did this on a large fleet of user machines (laptops) running Windows 10/11, macOS, and Linux.
If you don't trust people, give them Windows and use the tools that have been around for decades for this.
So, you pay someone that can write a report explaining how the boxes will be checked in a way that minimizes the blast radius of security theater stuff like broken approaches to remote management. Consider fixing your soc compliance plan.
Anyway, assuming the remote management tool has root, you can use brew to install docker desktop from the cli.