>things like locks on shared resources (e.g. operators), and random stoppages?

Not natively, but the game gives you a lot of tools. You could probably add some of those things with circuits (the "Factorio redstone"), or with a little more effort writing a mod.

The game is hard deterministic (so that multiplayer works) despite having plenty of multithreaded optimizations. You could probably do something with it. Although that may raise some eyebrows.