Yes! Thanks for the links.

Is it? I mean before COVID and especially before 2008 EU was thriving and in reality there wasn‘t substantially more or less regulation back then. (Yes GDPR came, but I highly doubt that this was a major factor).

In my opinion EU countries missed web 2.0 and where way to risk averse and old school to invest in those startups, that is why many founders moved to US. But I don‘t think regulation is the major factor, may be A reason, but I doubt it is THE reason.

I think most of the „bad“ regulation is actually national. EU regulation in many cases makes it easier to make business than the respective national laws. Tax for example is mainly national. Despite some attempts of unification.