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It's certainly better than Go's (Go's is barely better than C's and that's quite a low bar), but I don't think that sum types are the global optimum.

Exceptions are arguably better from certain aspects, e.g. defaulting to bubbling up, covering as small or wide range as needed (via try-catch blocks), and auto-unwrapping without plus syntax. So when languages with proper effect types come into mainstream we might reach a higher optimum.

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Maybe I'm too pessimistic, but Rust style error handling feels like the global optimum under the constraint that the average developer understand it.

Go is a language that exists purely because people saw Monads in the horizon and, in their panic, went back to monke, programming wise. Rust error handling is something that even many Go fans have said is a good abstraction.

No, sum types are certainly not a global optimum. But they remain the best error-handling mechanism that I've used professionally so far.

Effect types (and effect handlers) are very nice, but they come with their own complexities. We'll see if some mainstream language manages to make them popular.

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