Doesn't mean it hasn't happened elsewhere, but that may be a cultural issue due to many of the social safety nets that exist in other countries simply not being a thing in the US.
The government certainly seems teachers as babysitters to some extent. There has been a push for more time in school, from having breakfast at school to more after school activities. More parenting being taken on by schools (I just read about "supervised toothbrushing" in schools on .gov.uk).
How well schools coped with it varied too. My older daughter's school (a well funded sixth form college) had relatively good IT, enough laptops to give them to kids who did not have computers at home, headsets and cameras for teachers etc. My younger daughter was home educated so it was easier to adapt but she still missed out on quite a lot of things, or had to do them online instead of in person and while she came out of it OK, its must have done some harm.
"if parents can’t afford after school minding but really need to hold down a job"
i.e. if you want to expand the workforce by providing child minding on the cheap through schools.
It's Australian and more specifically focused on Victoria, a state with some of the longest global lockdown periods, while more generally comparing to other global educational research on the pandemic effect.
No one paper has all the answers you seek, but a handful of nodes in an interlinked web might do the trick for you.
* The indirect impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and adolescents https://www.mcri.edu.au/images/documents/migrate/mcri_4_rese...