Print debugging is the tool most people reach for when they can, but its biggest problem is that you have to change the source code to add the printfs. This is impractical in many circumstances; it generally only works on your local machine. In particular, you can't do that in production environments, and that's where the most interesting debugging happens.
Similarly, traditional debuggers are not available in production either for a lot of modern a software -- you can't really attach gdb to your distributed service, for many reasons.
What print debugging and debuggers have in common, in contrast to other tools, is that they can extract data specific to your program (e.g values of variables and data structures) that your program was not instrumented to export. It's really a shame that we generally don't have this capability for production software running at scale.
That's why I'm working on Side-Eye [1], a debugger that does work in production. With Side-Eye, you can do something analogous to print debugging, but without changing code or restarting anything. It uses a combination of debug information and dynamic instrumentation.