As for his colleague - he'd dealt with younger programmers with new ideas before, you weren't the first or only. And, his life was his own - he owned his emotional state, his responses. You were no more responsible for that than a missed bus, or any other perceived slight that he may have dwelt over (if it was him at all that texted you).
Yet all that doesn't help deal with guilt - that's your own to process. Hard, it's not rational or logical - you don't get to explain feelings away, they just are.
I suggest some positive interactions with colleagues could be a benefit to you. Compliment novel approaches, find a positive way to encourage co-workers, notice their sincere efforts. Always start with "That's new to me" or something on that line, instead of being contradictory or argumentative.
You can comfort yourself by taking this bump in the road as something to learn from. Take away something positive. And heck, it also benefits your current colleagues and presents a good example. Who knows where that may lead.
Good luck! I don't think you deserve to haul that stone of guilt around any longer than you need to. It's up to you when you put it down and move on.