Why do you say that? Without tariffs, the most efficient producer makes the good or service. With them, someone less efficient may make them.
Efficiency includes, but isn't only, waste and pollution.
Efficiency includes, but isn't only, waste and pollution.
That's not a serious policy analysis, or even much of a debate exercise.
(The research would have to use overall tax rate, not just 'income' tax (i.e., wage tax).)