Gameboy Color supported OG Gameboy games
GBA supported GBC games
DS supported GBA and(?) GBC games - Could be wrong about that
3DS supported DS games.
The 3DS also had games from other consoles for sale in the eShop, but they were emulated (GB, GBC, Game Gear, NES, SNES). If you bought a 3DS before the price drop, you could also play some GBA games. These are also running natively, not emulation https://en-americas-support.nintendo.com/app/answers/detail/...
It's a fact until 7 years ago, when the Switch was released without the ability to accept Wii U discs or connect to Wii controllers. Two upgrades with BC did not establish a pattern.
Now we've arrived at a fairly locked in set of architectures.
Sega does what Nintendon't, and their 16-bit system was backwards compatible with (one of their) 8-bit systems, if you got the adapter that adapts the slot and includes a boot rom.
Apple also did it; the 16-bit Apple IIgs used more or less the same CPU as the SNES, and used the CPU compat mode to run regular Apple II software.
Sega