It doesn't matter if you're using Python, Rust, C, Haskell, bash or some fresh hell written in PHP 4, perl and a fork of Netscape from 1999.
The answer is Nix. The Nix way _solves_ dependency management.
I feel there's a surprisingly strong standoffishness between the two communities of users, but that's a side point.
On topic though, for example, https://guix.gnu.org/en/blog/2020/reproducible-computations-..., and there are other excellent posts on the Guix blog going in to great detail on the topic of reproducibility and the efforts they are putting in there.
Docker being good enough for many circumstances means there has been no pain motivation to try it for me. Docker vs. nothing is a huge leap. Deploying Python in particular would be untenable with out it (or a VM init script)
I heard Nix is a great way to build containers though.
It is, I'd recommend the fantastic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6Le0IbPRzOE to appreciate some major differences.