Particles in orbit do accelerate. They accelerate continuously, from our perspective, as they go around the orbit. But seen from the perspective of GR, that orbit is really just a straight line through a curved spacetime. It might be easier to visualize though if you think of it as the bottom of a valley. The walls of the valley rise away from the floor as you get closer to the planet you are orbiting, or further away. You can’t climb those walls without energy, so if you have no energy will you stay in the valley forever.
> it also does not explain momentum, because when that particle accelerate it exchanges momentum with another particle - it does not give momentum to the "geodesic".
No one has said that it should. The geodesic is merely the straight path that the particle must follow when it _isn’t_ exchanging momentum with other particles.
> And explain please what information is not captured by saying "Gravity is a force that acts on energy". What nuance is lost by saying that?
You can’t explain time dilation that way, or length contraction.