make and compilers are usually reproducible. Most Debian package are reproducible, so this is perfectly feasible.
The gcc compiler also fails to reproduce binaries with the LTO streamer backend if you use certain macros. This has the consequence of making cgo binaries unreproducible.
As for Debian, we don't really know how many packages are reproducible. The CI they show is for fuzzing out issues, there are no system currently reproducing distributed packages.
https://tests.reproducible-builds.org/debian/reproducible.ht...