> PureScript allows you to remove specific fields from a record type. This feature, is called record subtraction, and it allows more flexibility when transforming or narrowing down records.

TypeScript does allow you to remove specific fields, if I understand you right [0]:

    function removeField<T, K extends keyof T>(obj: T, field: K): Omit<T, K> {
        const { [field]: _, ...rest } = obj;
        return rest;
    }

    type Person = { name: string; age: number };
    declare const p: Person;
    const result = removeField(p, 'age'); // result is of type: Omit<Person, "age">

> PureScript allows you to abstract over rows using higher-kinded types. You can create polymorphic functions that accept any record with a flexible set of fields and can transform or manipulate those fields in various ways. This level of abstraction is not possible in TypeScript.

Again, if I understand you correctly, then TypeScript is able to do fancy manipulations of arbitrary records [1]:

    type StringToNumber<T> = {
        [K in keyof T]: T[K] extends string ? number : T[K]
    }

    function stringToLength<T extends Record<string, unknown>>(obj: T): StringToNumber<T> {
        const result: Record<string, unknown> = {};
        for (const key in obj) {
            result[key] = typeof obj[key] === 'string' ? obj[key].length : obj[key];
        }
        return result as StringToNumber<T>;
    }

    const data = {
        name: "Alice",
        age: 30,
        city: "New York"
    };

    const lengths = stringToLength(data);

    lengths.name // number
    lengths.age // number
    lengths.city // number

[0] https://www.typescriptlang.org/play/?#code/GYVwdgxgLglg9mABA...

[1] https://www.typescriptlang.org/play/?#code/C4TwDgpgBAysBOBLA...

edit: provided links to TS playground