The same is possible in Windows 10 and 11, but the users will revolt, if a sysadmin were to enforce such (the same users who insist on using Windows instead of a more secure system).
Can I add a little more colour here (and have worked in and designed-for very secure environments) - users will revolt if removing the USB ports makes their life more difficult. This can work if there is an effective feedback loop that makes sure the users can still do their jobs efficiently in the absence of USB ports, and corrects for them when they can't. Users won't go around something unless it gets in their way!
Partly it's to prevent leaking of company secrets, unauthorized use of corporate devices for home use, harder to track the location of data, as well as the possibility of malware.
The controls can be very granular, if you decide to manage that.
My workplace has a policy of no USB storage devices (though you can request an exception). By default, other USB devices work, and storage devices are mounted as read-only.
I don't think the goal is so much system security as preventing data breaches/data exfiltration.
I could easily bypass the policy since I have the permissions to do so, but I won't. Working in the trading/hedge fund space, it's not unheard of to see employees sued for stealing trade secrets (quant models, for example). One only needs to search "citadel sues former employees" for examples.
edit: former Citadel employee; have not worked there in over a decade.
No persistent storage, so no concerns about easily recoverable classified data sitting on desks. You could disconnect from your session and pick it up again in the other office across town, or just leave your stuff running overnight.
Additionaly, even when attacked with such extreme measures, most users won't try to plug in planted, potentially malicious USB devices if they don't expect them to work.
People don’t like windows let alone corporate deployments of windows.