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Capitalism is a philosophy that believes chiefly property or capital is a real objectively measured thing, and that property ownership and labor inputs and the rightful owner of value increases are separateNo. Capitalism is an economic system based on private ownership of the means of production and their operation for private profit.
> interconnected and managed by rational actors
Rational actors are a simplifying assumption that toy models make, like frictionless surfaces. Both are taught in 101 classes. The difference is physics rarely has political implications while economics commonly does, so you get a lot of people who think their 101 class (or less) qualifies them on economics in general.
(Another point of defining rational systems is to observe how they deviate from reality. Sometimes, this yields useful insight into how humans behave, like hyperbolic discounting. Sometimes, it reveals inefficiency and corruption.)
> with increasingly perfect information
This article is about Milgrom, who wrote the book on auction theory. Auction theory is all about describing actors with imperfect and incomplete information.
> capitalism‘s core claim is that value creation is independent of labor inputs and as a result, the capital owner is the expected and rightful claimant to whatever portions of the value increase they can demand
No. Every macroeconomic model of note involves capital, labor and productivity to create value. Capital and labor compete for their claims to value production.
> pure economic liberalism otherwise known as anarcho-capitalism
These are vastly different concepts and at the fringe of both politics and economics.