Btw I'm sorry if I misunderstood what you're trying to say, because you're mostly dissing the class attribute which I very much depend on purely to keep my websites secure.
With frameworks like Angular, you can create a component and bind CSS styling to that component in a way that you can select just your HTML tags directly ... like style div {} instead of styling .my-card {} etc. And those styles are not "global", they are scoped to only those elements that are referenced in your component's markup.
There are two ways that this can be implemented and frameworks often let you choose which one you want to employ: Shadow DOM or emulation. With emulation, the classes and selectors get generated for you at compile time so if you inspect the DOM you'll see tons of class="" attributes that were auto-generated ... but the developer never had to write them or think about them.
The result is code that is so much nicer to read and work with.