I want to know how this works for an enterprise work laptop. Can my employer choose to turn it on and access the information? It's the only time I am forced to use Windows.
I think you should assume that a company provided laptop is already using a tool to key log and screenshot your computer usage. That such tooling is now first party from Microsoft changes little.
Work laptops are an extension of the work offices. Refrain from doing anything on them that you would not your boss to see.
You're already forced to use Microsoft's AI shenanigans. If you've been using Office suite, Microsoft recently installed an AI agent as an application update which launches on system startup. God knows what it does in the background.