Most aren't stupid enough to lose traffic from people refusing to install their app so if you hit "No" or "Close" most will redirect you to the article anyway. The alternative is to set it to "only me" in the dropdown on who can see what you read.
Only possibilities are, when the user clicks the link, to either bring them straight to the article, or ask them to install the app and if they hit "Yes," bring them to the article. Not possible to show the install app dialog box but not force an install in order to be redirected to the article. I wish it was though!
In terms of setting it to "only me" for sharing, yes that definitely works. But you're still giving the app read access to some of your Facebook info, and many users won't even think to change the setting to "only me" unfortunately.