Basically in vim to substitute text you'd usually do something with :substitute (or :s), like:
:%s/textToSubstitute/replacementText/g
...and have to add a pattern for each differently-cased version of the text.
With the :Subvert command (or :S) you can do all three at once, while maintaining the casing for each replacement. So this:
textToSubstitute
TextToSubstitute
texttosubstitute
:%S/textToSubstitute/replacementText/g
...results in:
replacementText
ReplacementText
replacementtext